TS+P1Biotechnology+JQ-Writing+Assignments

=**Cloning**=

__**Cloning with animals**__ - What is cloning? - Where animals experamented? - How long has his been done? - I know that It takes time to make a cloned animal. - It takes more time with humans. - They haved cloned dogs and deers etc. x - To do this they take out some cromosoms and put it in a other animal.

- Is this really important? - Is this going to a market near you? - How cloning help or harm society? - Depending which animal we using it take probobly 4 to 5 month like the dogs. - Humans takes probobly 9 month to give brith to cloned human.
 * __How long does it take so clone babys come out.__**

__**Dolly the sheep**__ - Are there human clones? - Where are they doing this? - Who is funding this instetution? - How many company are there of this? - There was an animal cloned called Dolly the sheep. - It dead because of it body got really old really fast. - It body cells where not really strong to protcet from any sickness. x - Dead from young age.

__**Religion and Cloning**__ -Most religion say that it is not our work to make cloned humans"that it GOD job to do this" -That we humans shoude not be playing with stuff we can not handel. -What does the Religion say to this? -What choud happan?

__**Cloning**__ Cloning is a proces where a human which are composed of trillions of microscopic units called cells. With in each cell is a nucleus that contains discrete things that are of genetic material called chromosomes. Our genetic blueprint is written as a four-character code in deoxyribonucleic acid DNA within the chromosomes. Along the strands of DNA reside the physical and functional units of heredity, the genes. Genes serve as a kind of minicomputer code for our growth and development because each holds the recipe for making a specific molecule, namely a protein. The long filaments of DNA that contain the genes we inherit from our parents have become a focal point in modern biology and medicine. In them, scientists are finding abnormal genes that are the causes of some previously untreatable or poorly understood diseases. Researchers now believe that virtually all human afflictions, from susceptibility to infection to psychological disorders, are linked in some way to our genes. So now the proces is that some docters get some embryos and then they splitted and most people called this the proces of embryo splitting, or blastomere separation. Embryos were split into several cells and then implanted into a surrogate mother for growth and development. But there were a limited number of splits that could be made, and only a few clones could be produced from one egg. The characteristics of the clone were also unpredictable because scientists were from an embryo whose traits could not be predicted. Cloning with animals is very hard, the practice of that took on new meaning in 1996 with the birth of Dolly the sheep, the world's first sheep cloned from an adult cell. Dolly was produced using SCNT which is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer technology. Since the cration of Dolly, this technology has been used to clone cattle, mice, goats, pigs, rabbits, and even a cat. Unlike the embryo splitting method, in theory, SCNT can be used to make an unlimited number of copies of one animal. The SCNT process starts with an unfertilized egg, or oocyte which is the female gametcyte. Scientists remove the oocyte's nucleus, which contains the egg's genes, or hereditary. What remains after removal of the nucleus is a cell that contains nutrients essential for embryo development and other cellular machinery waiting for a new set of instructions. A cell from the animal to be cloned or in some cases, just the cell's nucleus is cultured in an incubator and then injected under the coating of the unfertilized oocyte or in an other animals emdron or egg. Somatic cells are any cells of the body except sperm and eggs. Stimulated by a mild electrical pulse, the oocyte cytoplasm (everything in the cell but the nucleus) and the genetic material from the donated somatic cell combine. If fusion is successful, the resulting fused cell divides just as if it were a fertilized egg and produces an embryo. The embryo is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother and, if development proceeds normally, an animal clone is born. This proces can take the same time like a normal baby example: like if a dog take 3 to4 mouths to give birth it will be the same with the cloned one to. In February a scientists in Scotland had cloned a sheep, Dolly, led to much public discussion of "cloning" of animals and speculation about the possibility of cloning humans. The term "cloning" is used by scientists to describe many different processes that involve making duplicates of biological material. In most cases isolated genes or cells are duplicated for scientific study, and no new animal results. This type of cloning, using genes and cells, has led to many medical advances such as providing insulin to treat diabetes and therapies for hemophilia. The sheep experiment was different; it used a cloning technique called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" and resulted in an animal that was a genetic twin although delayed in time of an adult sheep. This technique of transferring a nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg that produced Dolly was an extension of experiments that had been ongoing for over 40 years. These experiments were aimed at understanding how development of an animal from a single fertilized egg is carried out. In recent years the agricultural industry has been trying to improve nuclear transplantation cloning to facilitate the breeding of desirable livestock and some biotechnology companies are exploring ways to use nuclear transfer cloning to improve the production of therapeutic drugs. In addition to drug production, understanding the details of nuclear transplantation cloning might lead to new therapies to treat human disease. For instance it might be possible to grow human cells and tissues for transplantation and grafts that would not be rejected after transfer, as they often are today. These kinds of benefits are currently only hypothetical and much additional research will be needed in animal systems. Although the birth of Dolly was lauded as an amazing success, in fact the procedure is not perfected. Only one sheep was produced from over two hundred nuclear transfers. In addition, it is not yet clear whether Dolly is normal or whether she could have subtle problems that might lead to serious diseases. Using this technique to produce a human child might result in, for example, malformations or disease due to problems inherent in the technique. While using animals to understand the biological process that produced Dolly holds great promise for future medical advances, there is no current scientific justification for attempting to produce a human child at this time with this technique, and Dolly for some reason she dead very fast or age very quickly and dead. Probobly her mitocondrias where very aseliarated and age very fast. Most Religion say that we shound not be cloning animals or other live because it is not ower jod to do that but GOD, this is not very clear but most sicentificas say that we the people clone animals to see how can we help live and create new live and also to discover old live that has been enstect for a long period of time, like Dionsourios and other old live and the most intersting is the one that they the sicentificas are going in the future clone a human called "Jesus" and this is why and when the religies probloms started and for that they will not give up with out a fright. This part is very inturesting because they say that they are going to clone Jesus by going to his old tomb or where he dead and get a sample of DNA of the blood he Jesus left in the cloth and walls etc.That why most of them are anger but we will never know if this will happen in this centure or in the next. My conclution is that we will never know that if this Cloning with humans will ever happen or with old espesimint but the only thing is that we all now that cloning with animals has all ready happen but until some day something will go wrong and it will.